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vpnMentor was established in 2014 to review VPN services and cover privacy-related stories. Today, our team of hundreds of cybersecurity researchers, writers, and editors continues to help readers fight for their online freedom in partnership with Kape Technologies PLC, which also owns the following products: ExpressVPN, CyberGhost, and Private Internet Access which may be ranked and reviewed on this website. The reviews published on vpnMentor are believed to be accurate as of the date of each article, and written according to our strict reviewing standards that prioritize professional and honest examination of the reviewer, taking into account the technical capabilities and qualities of the product together with its commercial value for users. The rankings and reviews we publish may also take into consideration the common ownership mentioned above, and affiliate commissions we earn for purchases through links on our website. We do not review all VPN providers and information is believed to be accurate as of the date of each article.
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vpnMentor was established in 2014 to review VPN services and cover privacy-related stories. Today, our team of hundreds of cybersecurity researchers, writers, and editors continues to help readers fight for their online freedom in partnership with Kape Technologies PLC, which also owns the following products: ExpressVPN, CyberGhost, and Private Internet Access which may be ranked and reviewed on this website. The reviews published on vpnMentor are believed to be accurate as of the date of each article, and written according to our strict reviewing standards that prioritize professional and honest examination of the reviewer, taking into account the technical capabilities and qualities of the product together with its commercial value for users. The rankings and reviews we publish may also take into consideration the common ownership mentioned above, and affiliate commissions we earn for purchases through links on our website. We do not review all VPN providers and information is believed to be accurate as of the date of each article.

Private Internet Access vs HMA VPN 2024

Table of Contents
    Editor's Note: Transparency and impartiality are important to us when bringing you our best selection of VPNs. Some of the industry-leading products on our list, including Intego, Private Internet Access, CyberGhost, and ExpressVPN are owned by Kape Technologies, our parent company. The VPNs we choose are derived from a thorough testing process.

    Which VPN Is Better?

    Author Image James Everard
    James Everard

    Senior Writer

    It would be hard to pick 2 more contrasting VPNs, with chasms between them regarding speed, customer service, streaming capabilities, and ease of use. For once, though, there is a very clear winner.

    Nevertheless, we didn’t shirk the detail, putting both services through a rigorous program of testing. We looked at streaming, file-sharing, and gaming capabilities, before inspecting a broad range of metrics to confirm our findings.

    Private Internet Access (PIA) is the better VPN in almost every regard. It’s faster, more reliable, and better for practically every online activity. On top of all that, it’s also the cheaper option. See it for yourself for free with its 30-day money-back guarantee.

    Short on Time? Here Are My Key Findings

    Private Internet Access HMA VPN
    Overall Rating Rated 9.48/10

    www.privateinternetaccess.com/

    Rated 7.00/10

    www.hidemyass.com

    💲 Lowest Monthly Price $2.03/month with a 3-year + 3 months plan $2.99/month with a 3-year plan
    🗓️ Price on Renewal $79 per 3 years
    (subject to change)
    $431.64 per 3 years
    (subject to change)
    🤑 Coupons PIA 83% Off (3-year plus 3 month plan) HMA 75% Off (3-year plan)
    💸 Money-Back Guarantee 30 days 30 days
    📺 Streaming Works with Hulu, Prime Video, ESPN, BBC iPlayer, ITVX, and more Works with Netflix and CBS
    🌍 VPN Servers 91 countries with 29,650 servers 210 countries with 1,110 servers
    Speed 17% drop on nearby servers, 41% on faraway 55% drop on nearby servers, 72% on faraway
    🎮 Gaming Performance Optimal speed and ping Sluggish ping on all but the closest servers
    🧑‍🤝‍🧑 P2P Support Yes, on all servers 8 specialty P2P servers
    🔐 Security Protocols Lightway, OpenVPN, IPSec/IKEv2, and IPSec/L2TP OpenVPN, IKEv2 (automatically selected based on server)
    🔌 Kill Switch Yes, adjustable Yes
    IP/DNS Leak Protection Yes Yes
    🏢 Based in Country US UK
    ⚠️ Does VPN Keep Logs No No
    Works in China Not reliably No
    #️⃣ Number of Device Connections Unlimited 10
    💻 Device Compatibility Windows, macOS, iOS, Android, Linux, Chrome, Firefox, and Edge Windows, macOS, iOS, Android
    🔧 Customer Support 24/7 live chat, knowledge base, FAQs, and email Knowledge base, FAQs
    Best alternative to Private Internet Access

    Our Score: 9.9

    If you still haven’t found your ideal VPN, I recommend ExpressVPN. It has the fastest speeds we’ve tested, making it ideal for streaming, file sharing, and general browsing.

    Streaming — A Considerable Win for PIA

    PIA is a decent streaming service that can safely access a lot of popular platforms in HD from anywhere. However, it didn’t work with Netflix or Disney+ in our tests, and it isn’t always consistent with iPlayer (but it worked this time). By contrast, though, HMA hardly works with any streaming platforms at all. In fact, we were surprised it even worked with Netflix.

    Streaming Platform Private Internet Access HMA VPN
    Netflix ❌ No ☑️ Yes, but not reliable for some libraries
    Disney+ ❌ No ❌ No
    ESPN ✅ Yes ❌ No
    Hulu ✅ Yes ❌ No
    Sky ✅ Yes ❌ No
    Amazon Prime Video ✅ Yes ❌ No
    BBC iPlayer ✅ Yes ❌ No
    ABC ✅ Yes ❌ No
    CBS ✅ Yes ✅ Yes

    Screenshot showing the PIA app connected to the UK Streaming Optimized serverPIA also has 2 streaming servers for the US — East and West

    PIA offers specialty streaming servers for 11 countries, including the US, UK, Germany, and Japan. You can find them by typing “streaming” into the search box on the server list. HMA offers one streaming server each for the UK and Germany and 4 for the US. Nevertheless, it failed to work with the majority of platforms we threw at it.

    Screenshot showing the HMA app over a browser streaming NetflixHMA's streaming servers are intuitively grouped and easy to find

    Smart DNS is another area where PIA outshines HMA. PIA’s version is easier to set up and more effective at managing different streaming requirements. It offers additional settings that enhance your experience, making it more adaptable to your needs. HMA’s Smart DNS can be cumbersome to configure and sometimes less reliable in performance.

    Editor’s note: The VPNs we recommend carry strict no-logs policies, meaning none of your online activities can be traced back to you. Therefore, it’s down to you to use your VPN responsibly. We encourage you to follow the laws and regulations in your region; the vpnMentor team and I strongly oppose copyright infringement.
    Winner
    PIA is the better choice for streaming because it consistently provides faster speeds, broader device support, and more reliable server connections.

    Server Network — PIA’s is Vastly Superior

    Private Internet Access HMA VPN
    Total Countries With Servers 91 210
    Number of Servers 29,650 1,110

    PIA boasts over 29,650 servers compared to HMA's 1,110, covering more ground with a significantly denser network. This extensive network means PIA can offer you better connectivity and reduced latency. HMA, although present in more countries, doesn’t provide the same level of robustness.

    Both VPNs employ virtual servers that can give you an IP of the corresponding country. In the case of PIA, the virtual servers are clearly marked with a globe icon beside the country in the server list. With HMA, you have to connect first, then click on the i symbol. Plus, more of PIA’s servers are in physical locations.

    PIA also allows for far more versatility with its network, with features such as Multi-Hop. This allows you to spool your data through a VPN and a proxy server to double your privacy. Dedicated (private) IPs are also available for a small extra charge.

    Winner
    PIA stands out with its vast server network, providing not only a higher count but also a variety of specialized servers for different uses.

    Speed — PIA is Significantly Faster

    Our UK-based tester had speeds in the region of 240 Mbps. Numerous servers were tested over a period of weeks. They used the fastest protocol for each VPN, which is WireGuard for PIA and OpenVPN for HMA. Note that you can’t select protocols for HMA, OpenVPN is automatically selected when you use a regular server.

    Screenshot of the PIA app alongside online speed testsPIA's local ping speeds were impressive at 24 ms

    PIA has solid speeds, with losses of under 25% for all European locations tested. The biggest loss was 55% from Singapore, but that’s over 6,800 miles away. It’s still an impressive speed considering Singapore is a physical server location.

    Screenshot of the HMA app alongside online speed testsStrangely, HMA's upload speeds were a little faster than PIA's on average

    By stark contrast, PIA’s worst speed matches HMA’s best. HMA’s 55% speed drop from a local server is among the slowest we’ve seen from a premium VPN. Again, the slowest speed recorded was from Singapore, but in HMA’s case, the loss was a staggering 96%.

    Alongside its small server network, HMA’s use of OpenVPN may account for its ponderous speeds. It’s a dated protocol, and most premium VPNs offer a speed-based alternative. For example, PIA uses the industry-standard, open-source protocol for speed, WireGuard.

    Here is a brief summary of our speed tests:

    Speed Tests PIA Average Download Speed HMA VPN Average Download Speed PIA Average Upload Speed HMA VPN Average Upload Speed
    Connected to a US server 180.72 Mbps 107.89 Mbps 21.79 Mbps 24.38 Mbps
    Connected to a UK server 221.98 Mbps 105.86 Mbps 25.04 Mbps 23.86 Mbps
    Connected to a Japan server 156.29 Mbps 66.75 Mbps 21.34 Mbps 19.75 Mbps
    Winner
    PIA more than doubles HMA in the all-important local speeds metric. It also outpaces its competitor across most distances.

    Gaming — A Narrow Win for PIA

    When you play games using PIA, you might appreciate its consistent speeds, which are crucial for gaming without interruptions. Both VPNs support a wide range of routers, but you might find PIA more straightforward to configure, offering detailed setup guides.

    HMA provided slightly lower ping times over mid-distance in the US, which is essential for fast-paced games. However, I've observed that PIA's performance is equally reliable, ensuring smooth gameplay with minimal lag. Each VPN boasts robust anti-DDoS protections if you frequently engage in competitive gaming where security is paramount.

    Private Internet Access HMA VPN
    Quick Connect 24 ms 49 ms
    Connected to a US server 112 ms 105 ms
    Connected to a UK server 24 ms 49 ms
    Connected to a Japan server 260 ms 276 ms

    Screenshot of the PIA app over an online golf gameI recommend the WireGuard protocol for smooth gaming (HMA only has OpenVPN)

    Winner
    Considering the overall gaming performance, PIA stands out as the better choice for most gamers. It not only provides slightly more reliable connections and robust security features but also supports a wider range of router configurations.

    Torrenting — PIA Offers Faster Downloads

    If you install popular torrenting clients like qBittorrent, Vuze, and Deluge, PIA typically offers a smoother setup and more stable downloads than HMA. Hardly surprising since HMA has just 8 P2P-optimized servers, whereas PIA’s entire fleet of 29,650 servers supports file sharing.

    PIA also stands out with its easy-to-use port forwarding feature, which makes it simple and more effective in facilitating speedy and smooth P2P file sharing. Conversely, HMA doesn’t offer this feature at all.

    Please note that only public domain files were downloaded during testing. Myself and the team at vpnMentor are strongly opposed to copyright infringement.

    Winner
    PIA surpasses HMA in several key aspects of torrenting, providing a more user-friendly experience with easier setup and more reliable performance.

    Security — PIA Offers Greater Protection

    PIA supports the newer and faster WireGuard protocol, whereas HMA sticks mainly to OpenVPN. The latter has over 4 times the codebase of the built-for-speed WireGuard, so if speed and modern technology are priorities in your VPN choice, PIA offers you an edge.

    Security Feature Private Internet Access HMA VPN
    Encryption level AES-256-GCM with 4096-bit DH key, SHA-256 HMAC authentication AES-256-GCM with 4096-bit DH key, SHA2-256 HMAC authentication
    Kill switch All operating systems All operating systems
    DNS/IP leak protection Yes Yes
    Protocols WireGuard, OpenVPN UDP & TCP OpenVPN
    Split tunneling Yes Yes (not on Mac)
    RAM-only servers wipe data Yes No
    Ad & malware blocker PIA MACE No
    Double hop servers Yes No
    Dedicated IP addresses Yes No
    Obfuscation technology Yes No

    PIA has a further advantage by using RAM-based servers, which automatically wipe all data upon reboot. This ensures that no remnants of your online activity are left behind. On the other hand, HMA has not explicitly confirmed the adoption of such technology.

    Screenshot of the PIA app over an online ad test toolTo activate, got to Settings > Privacy > PIA MACE

    You also get access to PIA MACE, a tool that blocks ads, trackers, and malware. It’s not the most impressive blocker I’ve tested, but it prevented over double the amount of threats that HMA did since HMA does not offer a comparable feature. Furthermore, PIA lets you switch encryption levels to balance speed and security.

    Screenshot of the HMA app over an online ad test toolHMA's encryption and IP masking blocked 21% of ads and trackers, which is better than nothing

    Winner
    PIA proves to be the better choice for security, primarily because it offers a wider range of advanced features, like WireGuard support, and additional tools like MACE.

    Privacy — PIA Has You Covered

    PIA offers a strict no-logs policy that doesn't store any data about your internet activity, setting a high privacy standard. Conversely, HMA stores connection logs for 30 days, including data transfer amounts and timestamps, which might concern you if your priority is anonymity. This difference in logging policies highlights PIA's commitment to user privacy.

    On top of this, PIA has proven its policy under legal pressure, providing an extra layer of trust. HMA has a history of compliance with law enforcement requests, which might raise concerns about the stringency of its policy.

    PIA's software is open-source, allowing for external audits of its security and privacy features. This transparency can give you confidence in the integrity of its privacy protection. HMA does not provide open-source applications, limiting your ability to verify its software independently,

    Regarding jurisdiction, PIA is based in the United States, part of the Five Eyes Alliance data-sharing network. This might raise some privacy concerns. HMA, based in the UK, faces even stricter data retention laws due to its location, potentially posing a greater privacy risk.

    Winner
    PIA stands out as the better choice for privacy. Its strict no-logs policy and open-source software provide robust privacy safeguards, which are further validated by independent audits.

    Works in China — PIA Might Work, HMA Doesn’t

    PIA strives to offer a service in China, which not many VPNs can match. While it doesn’t promise 100% uptime, it carries a useful troubleshooting guide on its website. It has many servers, Multi-Hop, and a choice of protocols, meaning you have options if you run into connectivity issues.

    Conversely, HMA doesn’t claim to work in China and doesn’t offer obfuscation, double-hop, or other methods for hiding the use of a VPN.

    Please note that many VPNs and their websites are blocked in China. The government of China largely uses blocking to prevent VPN use rather than prosecuting individuals. There aren't any publicly reported cases of tourists getting fined for using one there. However, we strongly recommend consulting local laws and complying with regulations.

    Winner
    PIA stands out as the more reliable option for China. Its robust obfuscation methods, combined with a large and well-managed server network, ensure that you have better odds of maintaining access.

    Installation & Ease of Use — Draw

    Both VPNs take under 2 minutes to install across a broad range of OSs and devices. However, PIA stands out with its dedicated client for Linux users, making it more accessible if you prefer an out-of-the-box solution without the need for manual configuration.

    Screenshot of the 3 main app views of PIAClick the 3 dots to open PIA's feature-rich Settings panel

    Both apps are clean and intuitive, but techies may prefer PIA for its greater range of features. On the contrary, VPN beginners may prefer HMA’s more basic app along with its fun, donkey-based branding. However, everyone will prefer PIA’s unlimited device connections on a single account, compared with HMA’s 10.

    Screenshot of the 2 main app views of HMAClick the cog symbol to open HMA's Preferences panel

    Winner - draw
    /
    Both VPNs are quick and easy to set up. Which one you prefer may depend on your technical preferences; PIA has some complex, in-depth features, whereas HMA is simple and basic.

    Reliability & Support — PIA is Miles Ahead

    Customer Support Features Private Internet Access HMA VPN
    24/7 Live chat Yes, responds immediately No
    Email support Yes Yes, but didn’t respond to our requests
    Phone support No No
    Step-by-step setup guides Yes Yes
    Searchable knowledge base Yes Yes
    Exhaustive FAQ section Yes Yes, but minimal

    Both VPN apps are reliable. I’ve never had to reinstall either app due to perpetual problems, and I never experienced an issue with either of them crashing. However, there is a chasm between them when it comes to support.

    PIA offers a reliable 24/7 live chat feature on its website. Agents are quick to respond and knowledgeable. You just need to type in your email address to connect. Its website also has tons of information should you run into any issues.

    HMA doesn’t have live chat, and it didn’t respond to our communications via the request form. That’s very poor for a premium VPN. Worse still, the latest update on its website’s news section is from January 2021. It seems HMA is still happy to take your money, but it won’t take your questions.

    Winner
    PIA stands out as the better choice for reliability and support due to its extensive and detailed support documentation and resources, and immediate response via live chat. By contrast, it almost feels like HMA has given up.

    Pricing

    Private Internet Access HMA VPN
    Starting Price $2.03/month $2.99/month
    Price (On Renewal) $79 per 3 years
    (subject to change)
    $431.64 per 3 years
    (subject to change)
    Money-Back Guarantee (Days) 30 days 30 days
    Number of devices per license Unlimited 10
    Router Setup (for Unlimited Devices) Easy setup with detailed guides Manual setup

    Both of these VPNs appear to have attractive starting prices that are below average for premium VPNs. Yet, despite being the better service in almost every regard, PIA is cheaper across all plans.

    But that only tells part of the story. Take a look at HMA’s astronomical price on renewal. It’s not unusual for a VPN to offer a considerable reduction for the first term before hiking prices. But rarely have I seen such a huge markup.

    I also have some concerns that HMA doesn’t offer one-month or even 6-month contracts. It suggests a lack of confidence in its own service — you can’t test it without making a sizable commitment. Sure, there’s a 7-day free trial, but that’s not long enough to fully test out the service.

    Winner
    Not only is PIA the better service, but it’s also cheaper by some margin. Plus, it offers unlimited device connections with every plan.

    Our Methodology for Testing Private Internet Access vs HMA VPN

    First, we tested each VPN for popular online activities such as streaming, file-sharing, and gaming. Next, we conducted extensive speed tests across a number of weeks. We also took into account server networks, security, and privacy policies. Finally, we assessed each VPN for ease of use and took a look at pricing policies.

    For the full details on our testing criteria, check out our methodology page. It provides the lowdown on the methods our international team of digital experts employ to bring you the latest info on security tech. Feel free to use it as the basis for your own testing.

    Private Internet Access vs. HMA VPN — Reddit Opinions

    PIA gets much praise for its fast speeds, reliability, and privacy credentials. Many loyal users have been using the service for years. By contrast, HMA gets a lot of criticism. Many posters report the same issues we had with customer service. As such, there are numerous horror stories of users being unable to cancel contracts or use the money-back guarantee.

    Screenshots of Reddit feedback for PIA and HMA VPNsThere was little or no positive feedback for HMA

    Our Score

    Features 9.5/10
    Pricing 9.5/10
    Ease of Use 9.6/10
    Reliability & Support 9.8/10
    Features 7.0/10
    Pricing 7.0/10
    Ease of Use 7.0/10
    Reliability & Support 6.6/10

    Reviews

    Review by our expert
    Author Image Keira Waddell
    Keira Waddell

    Former Senior Writer

    Our Score: 9.5/10

    Private Internet Access (PIA) offers one of the cheapest VPN subscriptions, starting at just $2.03/month. With such a low price, I wondered whether PIA could really stand out against its higher-priced competitors. However, it prides itself on a 10-plus-year reputation of being safe and trustworthy, so it’s also one of the best-value VPNs available. I’ve used PIA for a while and have examine...

    Read all
    Latest positive user review
    E
    Ez
    10.0/10
    Best VPN Out on The Market

    I like PIA VPN the best for the following reasons: ● It's a reliable and trustworthy policy; they don... 't record anything harmful to you; strict no logs. ● I've been using it for one month and there are specific times when it speeds up my internet speed (varies by internet) ● It's a distinctive feature of DIP (dedicated IP) - I think not many popular VPNs have this feature, I also purchased this feature to avoid getting the captcha verification and it never showed up ever since. It's only been a month using this VPN but as I gain more experience with this client, I'm pretty sure I will find more good features and utilize them. Thanks for having read my review:)More

    Latest negative user review
    M
    Mike Johnson
    2.0/10
    PIA no longer works on Amazon Fire devices.

    I have used PIA for several years with no issues. Currently, amazon fire devices can no longer sign i... n to the account. Used on 3 TVs with 3 different fire devices with the same result. There is no way to resolve the issue.More

    Review by our expert
    Author Image Matthew Amos
    Matthew Amos

    Senior Editor

    Our Score: 7.0/10

    HMA (formerly HideMyAss) is a relatively cheap VPN that claims to offer more server locations than anyone else. However, it has faced some serious controversies in the past. Is it a VPN that can keep you safe and anonymous online? To find out, I performed extensive tests on all its features and explored its updated privacy policy. I also checked out several connection issues customers have rep...

    Read all
    Latest positive user review
    P
    Paulo
    10.0/10
    Excellent value for money!

    First, it's a full VPN. Very intuitive and easy app. Lots of connection options and without much loss ... of speed. The official website has the payment method in my local currency, with a localized value and thus leaving a fair value through the VPN. Thank VPNMentor for the product recommendation and targeted discount.More

    Latest negative user review
    s
    sumit
    2.0/10
    Zero Customer Service

    Billed me after not using the service for three years, no customer service response despite emails and...  completed web forms, I agree fully with the other reviews that this company has an old out of date product and no customer support. This is one company to avoidMore

    Best VPN by Category

    Best VPN Overall

    PIA stands out as the best overall VPN due to its robust security features, extensive server network, and excellent speed performance. Its user-friendly interface and affordable pricing make it a top choice for both new and experienced VPN users.

    Best VPN for Torrents

    PIA is the top VPN for torrents because it supports P2P file sharing across all its servers and maintains strict no-logs policies, ensuring your torrenting activities remain private and secure.

    Best VPN for Windows

    PIA provides a customized application for Windows that offers advanced security settings and optimal server connections, making it highly reliable for Windows users seeking privacy and data protection.

    Best VPN for Android

    PIA delivers a dedicated app for Android users that is easy to use and optimized for mobile devices. The app features data encryption and public Wi-Fi security to safeguard mobile activities.

    Best VPN for Mac

    PIA excels on Mac due to its seamless integration with macOS. It offers a balance of speed, security, and user-friendly features tailored for Mac users.

    Best VPN for iOS

    PIA's iOS app stands out by providing an intuitive interface with robust security measures, including data encryption and safe browsing features, ideal for iPhone and iPad users.

    Best VPN for USA

    PIA is particularly effective in the USA because it has server locations in every single state, making it valuable for accessing a broader range of content securely.

    The Bottom Line

    There’s no real contest here. PIA is the better service by a considerable distance. It has more servers, faster speeds, better customer service, and cheaper plans. In fact, I can’t think of a situation where HMA would be preferable.

    You can try PIA for free with its money-back guarantee. If you’re not completely happy, you’ll have 30 days to claim a full refund.

    FAQ

    Is Private Internet Access better than HMA VPN?

    Yes, PIA is generally better than HMA. PIA boasts a larger server network, faster speeds, and responsive customer support. It also offers more advanced features, such as port forwarding and its MACE ad and malware blocker, which enhances functionality and security​.

    Is Private Internet Access faster than HMA VPN?

    Yes, PIA is faster than HMA. In comparative tests, PIA shows better speed performance, which is crucial for activities like streaming and torrenting, where high speeds are essential. ​However, for the fastest speeds we’ve tested, I recommend ExpressVPN. Its proprietary Lightway protocol was built with a low codebase to support fast speeds.

    Do Private Internet Access or HMA VPN offer any deals?

    Both PIA and HMA offer deals. PIA's subscription plans are priced competitively, and it often provides promotional discounts, which make it even more affordable. HMA also offers discounts on its long-term plans and includes a 7-day free trial. But PIA offers the best value by far, with prices starting at $2.03/month.

    We review vendors based on rigorous testing and research but also take into account your feedback and our affiliate commission with providers. Some providers are owned by our parent company.
    Learn more
    vpnMentor was established in 2014 to review VPN services and cover privacy-related stories. Today, our team of hundreds of cybersecurity researchers, writers, and editors continues to help readers fight for their online freedom in partnership with Kape Technologies PLC, which also owns the following products: ExpressVPN, CyberGhost, and Private Internet Access which may be ranked and reviewed on this website. The reviews published on vpnMentor are believed to be accurate as of the date of each article, and written according to our strict reviewing standards that prioritize professional and honest examination of the reviewer, taking into account the technical capabilities and qualities of the product together with its commercial value for users. The rankings and reviews we publish may also take into consideration the common ownership mentioned above, and affiliate commissions we earn for purchases through links on our website. We do not review all VPN providers and information is believed to be accurate as of the date of each article.

    About the Author

    James conducts rigorous hands-on research and testing to evaluate dozens of VPNs for his articles. He's an advocate for digital freedom.